What is Antivirus program?

Alternatively referred to as an antivirus software, AVS, antivir, or just AV. An antivirus program is a software utility designed to protect your computer or network against computer viruses. If and when a virus is detected, the computer displays a warning asking what action should be done, often giving the options to remove, ignore, or move the file to the vault.
If a virus infected a computer without an antivirus program, it may delete files, prevent access to files, send spam, spy on you, or perform other malicious actions.

What is a 'Deficit'?

A deficit is the amount by which a resource falls short of a mark, most often used to describe a difference between cash inflows and outflows. Deficit is the opposite of surplus and is synonymous with shortfall or loss.

Explanation: The term deficit is generally prefixed by another term to refer to a specific situation, a trade deficit or budget deficit, for example.

A trade deficit exists when a nation has exports of $2 billion and imports of $3 billion in a given year. The country’s deficit is at $1 billion for that year.

A budget deficit occurs when a government has revenues lower than its expenditures. Lets say a small country has $10 billion worth of revenue for a year and its expenditures were at $12 billion for that same year, it would be running a deficit of $2 billion.

An income deficit isn’t quite the same as a budget or trade deficit. A measurement used by the U.S. Census, an income deficit is the dollar amount by which a family’s income falls short of being at or above the poverty line. If the poverty line is $17,000 a year for a family of three, and the family income is at $15,000, then the family’s income deficit is $2,000.

Primary and Total Deficits:

While there are different types of deficits depending on context, even within a specific context there are different ways to measure deficit. When measuring a government deficit, there are two different ways to measure.

Primary deficit refers to the deficit without including interest payments on loans taken out to finance the operation of the government.

Total deficit measures the deficit while including interest payments on loans taken out to finance the operation of the government as well as the interest on the loans.

The size of these deficits can vary depending on the economic and political climate. If a country economy is expanding, increased tax receipts and other inflows of government income will reduce or eliminate government deficits and may lead to government surpluses. Specific goods can be taxed at higher rates, like in OPEC nations or Norway and Russia where oil and gas play important roles in the funding of public spending.

Intentionally Running a Deficit:

It’s not uncommon that in a recession, a government will intentionally run a deficit. The theory behind running a deficit is that by reducing taxes and increasing spending on infrastructure while maintaining government programs and expenditures, the public’s purchasing power will be increased and can then stimulate the economy. While running a deficit, a government can finance its expenditures with bonds, or from loans from foreign countries.

This tactic is by no means universally agreed upon. The Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, originally brought up by member of Parliament and economist David Ricardo, argues that households, anticipating a rise in taxes in the future necessary to pay current government deficits will keep money saved instead of spending it. However, for Ricardian equivalence to apply, the deficit spending would have to be permanent as opposed to a one time stimulus through deficit spending.

Another hypothesis, called crowding out says that when a government borrows to offset the deficit they’re running, interest rates rise as a response to increased demand, decreasing the incentive for private investment.

The experience of governments that have run persistent deficits in the 20th and 21st centuries have complicated the Ricardian and neo-classical analyses of the effect of government debt on economic activity. The Great Recession, which drove up government deficits across the world from 2008 to 2013, led many neo-classical economists to speculate that government budgets would collapse under the weight of persistent spending deficits. In a particularly famous case, the Harvard economists Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff predicted in 2010 that government debt above 90% of GDP would actively retard economic growth. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts discovered a coding error in the Excel spreadsheet Reinhart and Rogoff used that invalidated their original conclusion.

Deficit and Risk:

It used to be that government budget deficits were financed exclusively by loans from private investors and foreign countries. These loans were often seen as holding a lot of risk for the lender seeing that they were often both large and long-term. When governments began to issue bonds, which could be payable to bearer, it enabled the original lender could sell the debt - reducing risk and interest rates.

If a deficit is large enough, it can over a number of years can wipe out equity for an individual or a company's shareholders, eventually leaving bankruptcy as the only option. Although sovereign governments have a much greater capacity to sustain deficits, negative effects in such cases include lower economic growth rates (in case of budget deficits) or a devaluation of the domestic currency (in case of trade deficits).

News Headlines:

1.China’s Tianhe-2 supercomputer has emerged as the world’s most powerful supercomputer system for the sixth consecutive time.

2.Board of Control for Cricket in India president Shanshank Manohar will be the new Chairman of International Cricket Council.

3.Nigeria on won the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup. In the finals Nigeria defeated Mali with 2-0 score. India will host the bi-annual championship in 2017.

4.Dr. Raghuram Rajan, Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, was appointed as the Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

5.Wasim Haffer who is opener of Vidarbha has became first ever cricketer in Ranji Trophy history to score 10000 runs.

6.Union Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar on 9 November 2015 launched Army Cloud, Software Defined Data Centre and Digi-Locker facilities for the Indian Army at the Army Headquarters in New Delhi.

7.The former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Ajit Prakash Shah has been designated as the ethics officer (ombudsman) at Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) for 1 year tenure.

8.Santoor maestro Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma on 7 November 2015 was honoured with the Aditya Vikram Birla Kala Shikhar Award for lifetime achievement. He is also the recipient of the Padma Shri and the Padma Vibhushan.

9.Pakistan veteran Younus Khan retired from one-day internationals after match with England held on November 11th 2015.

10.The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore ranks in the world’s top 100 universities for engineering and technology.

11.Former RBI Deputy Governor Subir Gokarn was appointed as an Executive Director on the board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

12.India’s coast Guard Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) ‘Samarth’ was commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar on 10 November, 2015 at Vasco in Goa.

13.An international team of scientists who discovered the first oceanic microplate in the Indian Ocean has found that Himalayas were born about 47 million years ago when India and Eurasia initially smashed into each other.

14.India and the UK on 12 November 2015 announced commercial deals worth 9 billion pounds in London.

15.A head of the Paris climate summit, India and UK have agreed on a comprehensive package of collaboration on energy and climate change which includes commercial deals worth 3.2 billion pounds.

16.India’s first Low Income State Infrastructure Equity Partnership (the Neev Fund) was launched on 13 November, 2015 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in UK.

17.12th Asia-Europe Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (ASEM FMM12) took place in Luxemburg on 5-6 November 2015. The ASEM FMM 12 was held under the theme Working Together for a Sustainable and Secure Future.

18.Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the recently acquired Ambedkar memorial by Maharashtra Government at King Henry’s Road in London, United Kingdom.

19.INS Vishwakarma, the erstwhile Shipwright School (SWS) and a premier training establishment of the Indian Navy has been commissioned by Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of the Naval Staff at Visakhapatnam.

20.President Pranab Mukherjee inaugurated 35th edition of India International Trade Fair (IITF) at Pragati Maidan in New Delhi.

21.Mercedes driver Nico Roseberg from Germany has won the 2015 Brazilian Grand prix title of Formula One race. He defeated Lewis Hamilton of Mercedes to grab the trophy.

22.Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched the Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants for Treatment (AMRIT) pharmacy outlet at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi.

23.The G-20 Summit held in Antalya, Turkey, on 15-16 November 2015. The 2015 G-20 Antalya summit was the tenth meeting of the G-20 heads of government.

24.Syed Akbaruddin was appointed as the next Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.

25.Veteran Bollywood actor Saeed Jaffrey (86) passed away on 15th November 2015 in London.

26.Odisha Government has started implementation of National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 in 14 of the 30 districts of the state in first phase covering 26.33 lakh families.

27.Australian fast bowler Mitchell Johnson has announced his retirement from all forms of international cricket after conclusion to the second Test match against New Zealand at WACA.

28.Senior diplomat Vijay Keshav Gokhale has been appointed as India’s Ambassador to China.

29.The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was on 19 November chosen for the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2015.

30.27th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) leaders summit held in Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia on 22 November, 2015. This summit was chaired by Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak.

31.The second World Congress on Disaster Management (WCDM) has started in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

32.Senior JDU leader Nitish Kumar was sworn-in as Chief Minister of Bihar for the fifth time.

33.The 13th ASEAN-India summit was held on 21 November, 2015 in Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia.

34.A 13 member expert committee headed by former Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) N. Gopalaswami has been constituted by the Union Human Resource Development (HRD) ministry exclusively on Sanskrit promotion.

35.Ace Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal has won silver medal at 2015 China Open Super series Premier Badminton Tournament in women’s singles category. Chinese shuttler Xuerui Li on 15 November 2015 won the 700000 US dollar Women’s Singles final of China Open.

36.Ace Indian Cueist Pankaj Advani won the IBSF World Snooker Championship. In the final held on 21 November, 2015 he defeated China’s Xingtong by 8-6 score.

37.23rd Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders Summit was held at Manila, Philippines from 18 November to 19 November 2015. The summit was chaired by Philippines President Benigno S. Aquino III. The theme of the Summit was Building Inclusive Economies, Building a Better World.

38.India has successfully test fired it’s indigenously developed supersonic interceptor missile which is capable of destroying any incoming ballistic missile, from a test range off Odisha Coast. The interceptor named as Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile, is a 7.5 metre long single stage solid rocket propelled guided missile equipped with a navigation system, a hi-tech computer and an electro-mechanical activator.

39.Reserve Bank of India has allowed strong regional rural banks (RRBs) to launch online transaction through internet banking. Profitable RRBs with minimum Rs.100 crore net worth and better asset quality will be allowed to offer this service. Banks with capital adequacy ratio over 10% will be allowed to introduce the online transaction services. Weak banks will be allowed to offer internet services without online transaction facilities.

40.Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella has been named among the top 50 global business leaders by Fortune Magazine. Three Indians are placed in the list of Fortune. Mater Card’s CEO Ajay Banga is ranked at fifth position, Cognizant’s CEO Fernandez D’Souza at 16th place and Microsoft’s Nadella is ranked at the 47th place. Nike’s Mike Parker topped the list followed by Facebook’s Mark Zukerberg at second place.

41.National League for Democracy (NLD) party lead by Aung San Suu Kyi has won Myanmar’s landmark election and claimed a staggering majority in parliament, ending half a century of dominance by the military and providing the symbol of a decades-old democracy movement with a mandate to rule.

42.Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairperson of India’s largest bank SBI, remains the most powerful woman in the Indian business sector in the list of Fortune India. ICICI Bank’s Chanda Kochhar and Shikha Sharma of Axis Bank follow Bhattacharya at the second and third place.

Some Important Noun Keynotes:

Keynote 1 :

The words such as "News / Maths/ Ethics / Politics/ Phonetics /Economics /Statistics /Measles / Mumps/ Rickets /Billiards/Innings" look like plural nouns but give singular meaning. So, they take singular form of verbs.

For Example:

Mathematics is a difficult subject. (Correct)

But say "His Mathematics are very weak". (Correct)

Rule : When Preceded by a possessive adjective, the noun takes a plural verb.

Billiards are an interesting game. (Incorrect)

Billiards is an interesting game.(Correct)

The news are not reliable. (Incorrect)

The news is not reliable. (Correct)

Keynote 2 : 

The following words are uncountable and are normally used in the singular form only. The indefinite article"A or An" Should not be used with them. They have no plural forms. 'A/An' not used before them.

Ex : Luggage / Baggage / Breakage/ Advice / Furniture/ Information /Scenery / Poetry /Work / Soap / Food/ Bread / Fish/Paper / Machineryetc.

For Example:

The Sceneries of Kashmir is very beautiful. (Incorrect)

The Scenery of Kashmir is very beautiful. (Correct)

I know that he has many informations. (Incorrect)

I know that he has muchinformation / a lot of information. (Correct)

They gave me a good advice. (Incorrect)

The gave me a piece of good advice. (Correct)

I want a Soap/Bread. (Incorrect)

I want a piece of Soap/Bread. (Correct)

Keynote 3 :

The following nouns are always used in the plural form only Cattle / People /Police / Electorate /Poultry / Trousers/Scissors /Spectacles /

Binoculars /Crackers / Swine /Gentry / Clergy. 

All these are used with plural form of verbs.

For Example:

The police is coming towards us now. (Incorrect)

The police are coming towards us now. (Correct)

The scissor is very sharp. (Incorrect)

The scissors are very sharp. (Correct)

Keynote 4 :

Some Nouns have the same form whether singular or plural.

Ex : Sheep / Deer /Service / Series /Series / Species/Fish / Apparatus.

He saw two sheeps in the zoo. (Incorrect)

He saw two sheep in the zoo (Correct)

A series of lectures are to be delivered tomorrow. (Incorrect)

A series of lectures is to be delivered tomorrow. (Correct)

Keynote 5: 

The possessive case of a compound noun is formedby adding 'S' to the last word.

Father­in­Law, Father­in­Law's property.

Sister­in­Law, Sister­in­Law's property.

Keynote 6 :

Add 'S' to the main word in compound noun to make it plural.

Sister­in­Law, the plural form is Sisters­in­Law, not Sister­in-Laws.

Brother­in­ Law, the plural form is Brothers­in­law, not Brother-in­Laws.

Keynote 7 :

Nouns indicating numerals should be used in singular form "A Dozen eggs / Two Dozen Oranges".

But say Hundreds of eggs/ Houses / A hundred rupees /Two hundred rupees.

Keynote 8 :

After the phrasesOne of / Someof/ Each of /Either of/Neither of / Anyof / None of, a plural form of a noun is used.

One of my best friends (not One of my best friend)

One of the biggest cities (not One of the biggest city)

Each of the boys is (not Each of the boys are)

Either of the teachers is (not Either of the teachers are).

Keynote 9 :

An "Apostrophe" and 'S' should be used with living beings only to show possesion.

The table's legs were broken. (Incorrect) (This is wrong, because the table is a non living thing)

We can say "The legs of the table were broken" (Correct)

Keynote 10 :

After collective nouns either a singular or plural form of verb is used.

The team is strong (here, we are treating the TEAM as an UNIT) (Correct)

The team are fighting among themselves (Here, we are saying about the players of the team) (Correct)

Keynote 11 :

When two nouns are connected by "and", and are closely related, add an apostrophe and S to the last noun.

Kareena's and Saif's house (Incorrect) (if you think they are wife and husband then this sentence is wrong)

Kareena and Saif's house (as they live in a SINGLE house) (Correct)

But you can say "India's and Pakistan's population" (Correct)

Keynote 12 :

Say, "A five rupee note"," A two mile walk"

Keynote 13 :

Don't say "family members /cousin brother or cousin sister" but say "The members of the family / he or she is my cousin".

Some right thinking people feel that breakneck development in the name of liberalization deepens social gaps. Express your views on the subject of development versus social disparities.

Globalization/liberalization has given an unprecedented push to development, as a result of which the tempo of life has acquired both success and stress, incentives impatience, achievements and angst. Besides these candid contradictions, research and development the world over has opened new vistas of opportunities in service sectors, travel and tourism, infrastructure and industry. The spread of a culture of emergency and the accelerated pace of development has increased the volatility of economics which, in turn, has led to deepening social gaps, thereby increasing social tensions and instability. Nearer home, the rise of nasalism in different parts of the country is a strong pointer to the disparities that fast-paced development has brought in its trail.

For a developing country like India, it is not only the urban-rural divide and deepening social gaps that confront us, but we also have to cope with the sway of individualism over the binding force of a collectivist society. There is, and will be a decline in social values. It is feared that the ever-widening gulf between the haves and have-nots, knowledge and ignorance is bound to increase if development without social equity is preferred and promoted. Inequality and the feeling of being left behind and outside can be a seed to social conflicts and confrontation between the privileged and the deprived. No doubt, without development the multi-faceted problems of poverty, ignorance, disease, deprivation etc. cannot be tackled. But it is equally true that the fruits of development should reach those who need them the most. 

The Indian Youth in making India (Make in India)

The best way to inspire and involve the Indian youth in making India an upcoming economic power is for all political parties to engage themselves in politics of development. In your well-considered opinion what measures should be adopted to achieve the goal.

Needless to reiterate and reaffirm that India needs politics of development rather than the politics of polemics and populism. More than ever before, both people and political parties should see to it that they work for harmony and not for acrimony among people professing different faiths and practicing varied ways of conduct and character in their day to day lives. No other concern and consideration should weigh on the perceptions and priorities of politicians, programmers and planners, except those that enhance developmental activities in all walks of life and ultimately help improve quality of life of those subsisting at the lowest levels of our socio-economic ladder. It is time now that political parties of every hue and hype focused their manifestos, programmers and policies on developmental vision and pragmatic approach and action to achieve the goals of social justice. There is no denying that the most effective measure in this direction is the involvement of youth in developmental activities and a harmonious harnessing of their youthful energies and enthusiasm. For this to happen on the ground, we, as an upcoming nation, need to orient ourselves towards development, whether on farms or in factories, on technologies or service sectors, et al.

In order to make the best use of resources, both human and natural, all political parties must converge on developmental politics, because without development we cannot hope to engage our youth in constructive and creative activities, nor can we envisage a situation in future when poverty would be a thing of the past. It is true that barring a few examples, we do not have many icons among our political parties. The youth needs role models that only politicians can provide, because they wield power and affect people and their proclivities in large measure. Political parties should visualize a situation in future where our burgeoning youth should see an imprint of great leaders in every action.

It goes without saying that people’s ethos, values and character are crucial factors that determine whether the country will move forward on a progressive path or stagnate. The education system, along with many other channels and sources of knowledge, must concentrate on cultivating in every citizen a sense of eternal values, as well as instilling discipline among them. The media, too, as partner in national development, should celebrate the success of the people and become an invigorating instrument of inspiring the youth by highlighting the best and the most unique among those who shine like stars in the firmament of our political spectrum.